Cost model: Shopping centres | Features

Enclosed malls or open centres?
	Enclosed mall	Open arcade
Advantages	Weather protection.	Easier to integrate into existing urban fabric.
	Perceived as being safe, controlled environments.	Easier to include a variety of spaces in the design.
	Easily branded and managed.	Easier to adapt in response to change.
	Clear demarcation of management responsibilities.	Provides an opportunity to introduce a wider number of uses behind varied facades that can accommodate varied floor heights and frontages.
	Easier to create and manage high quality lighting, entertainment and other features.	Lower capital and energy costs.
	Easily accessible management and information services.	Lower service charges to tenants.
	Permits open shopfronts and greater flexibility in presentation of goods by retailers.
Disadvantages	High capital and running costs.	Limited weather protection.
	Climate control and lighting results in high energy usage.	More difficult to brand and to manage.
	Insularity and lack of permeability – fewer pedestrian and visual links with the rest of the city.	Perception of reduced safety and security.
	Problems of lack of visibility of shop units from outside.	More difficult and expensive to clean and maintain.
		Faster deterioration of building fabric.
		Limits on shopfront design options as open shopfronts are not possible.

Cost breakdown
Development type	Unit cost (£/m2)
Shopping centre, new build
Shopping centre mall; comfort cooled	2400-3700
Factory outlet centre, enclosed mall	2200-3400
Factory outlet centre	400-700
Anchor store units	500-800
Medium/small store units	650-900
Centre management/creche	950-1350
WCs	1500-2300
Enclosed, surface level service yard	750-950
Shopping Centre, refurbishment
Shopping centre mall; limited scope	800-1200
Shopping centre mall; comprehensive	1150-1700
Car parking, surface	40-60
Car parking, surface, landscaped	70-95
Car parking, grade and upper level	120-180
Car parking, multistorey, flat slab	245-315
Car parking, semi-basement, naturally ventilated	325-380
Car parking, completely underground beneath building	650-820

Leisure shell	600-900
Multiplex cinema (shell only)	650-900

Enclosed mall
		element cost	cost/m2 gfa £	% of total cost
Demolitions		420,000	60	1.88
Demolition and site clearance; temporary works; associated works	4000 m2 @ £70
Allowance for services and drainage diversions; builders work	4000 m2 @ £35
Substructure		942,000	134.57	4.21
Ground slab; 200 thick reinforced insitu concrete slab, ground beams; sub-base; damp proof membrane	4000 m2 @ £130
CFA piling; pile caps	4000 m2 @ £90
Extra for foundations to mall features	Item @ £25,000
Allowance for lift pit	Item @ £7000
Allowance for escalator pits	6 @ £5000
Frame		851,500	121.64	3.81
Structural steel frame supporting retail frontage, first floor mall etc; allowance based on 50 kg/m2; universal and hollow sections; fire protection, surface finishes	235t @ £1900
Structural steel frame; to support roof and clerestory; allowance based on 35 kg/m2; universal and hollow sections; fire protection, surface finishes	150t @ £1900
Allowance for feature steelwork to bridges across arcade	6 @ £20,000
Upper Floors		245,000	35	1.1
Composite construction; insitu concrete slabs on metal decking; power floating	3000 m2 @ £60
Insitu concrete flat slabs, 200 thick; to flat roof; parapets and upstands	500 m2 @ £90
Extra for openings for staircases and escalators	Item @ £20,000
Roof		4,800,000	685.71	21.46
Glazed, vaulted roof at first floor floor level; 19 m wide on plan; sealed double glazed units, automatic opening vents; powder coated aluminium frame; feature secondary steelwork; rainwater goods	3000 m2 @ £800
Aluminium panelling; to vaulted roof; 19 m wide on plan; powder coated; secondary steelwork; rainwater goods	1000 m2 @ £500
Perforated aluminium solar shading; to vaulted glazed roof ; shading to 50 of glazed area	1500 m2 @ £500
Metal cladding at clerestory level to sides of mall roof; powder coated aluminium; 3.5 m high; plasterboard backing; insulation	1750 m2 @ £200
Flat roof finishes; sarnafil; insulation; leadwork; additional works to perimeters and openings	750 m2 @ £80
Feature entrance canopies; single glazed; stainless steel supports Item	@ £300,000
Allowance for mansafe roof access system	Item @ £10,000
External roof cleaning access; mobile gantries	Item @ £400,000
Internal cleaning access; cherry picker	Item @ £30,000
Stairs		965,000	137.86	4.31
Feature stairs from arcade to first floor; 6 m rise, cast iron balustrades, hardwood handrails, stone finishes	2 @ £60,000
Armoured glass balustrading; hardwood handrail; to first floor voids	700 m @ £1000
Extra for curved balustrading	100 m @ £400
Sundry metalwork	Item @ £75,000
Allowance for access stairs, platforms and cat ladders to plant areas and roofs	Item @ £30,000
External Walls		800,000	114.29	3.58
Structural glazing to mall entrances; double glazed; feature support frame	1000 m2 @ £800
Windows/Shopfronts/Doors		501,000	71.57	2.24
Temporary shopfronts; painted ply; access door; quantity based on 50 requirement; (permanent shopfronts by tenant)	1200 m2 @ £55
Feature windows; single glazed units; powder coated aluminium frame; 1.5 m x 1.5 m	50 @ £700
Mall entrance doors; automatic rotating doors and manual doors	4 @ £100,000
Internal partitions and doors		270,500	38.64	1.21
Fire escape/service doors to mall; flush; hardwood frames; stainless steel ironmongery, finishes; single 5	@ £1100
Fire escape/service doors to mall; flush; hardwood frames; stainless steel ironmongery, finishes; double 10	@ £1500
Allowance for sundry doors Item	@ £10,000
Internal partitions, linings and backing panels; plasterboard/blockwork; average rate used	2000 m2 @ £70
Glazed cladding to feature lifts; single glazed structural glass; frame and fixings	Item @ £70,000
Allowance for additional work in connection with partitions and doors	Item @ £30,000
Wall finishes		1,292,000	184.57	5.77
Feature bulkhead above shopfronts; glass reinforced gypsum; framing; surface finish; accessories; 1 m high by 500 mm deep	800 m @ £200
Feature bulkhead to first floor voids; glass reinforced gypsum; framing; surface finish; accessories; 700 high by 500 mm deep	700 m @ £200
Extra for curved bulkheads	100 m @ £200
Natural stone column cladding; 1 m wide by 5 m high; blockwork backing; fixings	80 @ £2200
Natural stone column cladding; 1 m wide by 4 m high; blockwork backing; fixings	80 @ £1800
Metal feature fascia panel above shopfronts; 1.2 m high	840 m @ £300
Wall finishes generally; to clerestory and internal walls; feature finishes including stone panelling features; cornice details	Item @ £400,000
Floor finishes		1,460,000	208.57	6.53
Stone tiling; including patterns and features; trim strips; skirting; screeds; movement joints	7000 m2 @ £19
Extra over for mats and matwells	Item @ £80,000
Allowance for additional floor features to entrances and squares	Item @ £50,000
Ceiling finishes		655,000	93.57	2.93
Feature suspended ceilings to first floor soffit; glass reinforced gypsum; framing; surface finishes; accessories	1100 m2 @ £150
Extra for feature finish to soffit of walkways across mall at first floor level; metal and glass panels	400 m2 @ £350
Allowance for additional ceiling features	Item @ £100,000
Allowance for glazed smoke curtains at high level; fire shutters etc	Item @ £250,000
Furniture and fittings		900,000	128.57	4.02
Allowance for mall furniture including bins, benches, bollards etc	Item @ £100,000
Allowance for statutory and directional signage to mall	Item @ £50,000
Allowance for feature signage including banners, directories, graphics etc	Item @ £200,000
Allowance for planting	Item @ £50,000
Allowance for mall features; water features etc	Item @ £500,000
Disposal installations		100,000	14.29	0.45
Rainwater disposal; cast iron downpipes and fittings	Item @ £40,000
Below ground drainage; manholes, covers etc	Item @ £60,000
Water installations		20,000	2.86	0.09
Landlords supplies to mall only	Item @ £20,000
Space heating air treatment		1,040,000	148.57	4.65
Supply and extract ventilation installation to mall; low temperature, hot-water heating circuit including heat source; chilled water circuit including chiller plant; air handling units; perimeter ductwork distribution; high quality diffusers; provision for smoke extract through air handling units	7000 m2 @ £140
Warm air curtains; to mall entrances	Item @ £60,000
Electrical installations		1,236,000	176.57	5.52
Mains and sub-mains distribution	7000 m2 @ £25
Electrical power to main plant	Item @ £18,000
Landlord's small power to mall	7000 m2 @ £8
Lighting and luminaires to mall	7000 m2 @ £125
Electrical installations, continued Extra for emergency lighting	7000 m2 @ £15
Earthing and bonding	7000 m2 @ £1
Lift and escalator installations		775,000	110.71	3.46
Escalators from mall to first floor; 6 m rise; glass balustrade; stainless steel finishes	6 @ £100,000
Feature lift including glass car; 13 person; two stops; hydraulic	1 @ £175,000
Protective installations		115,000	16.43	0.51
Lightning protection	Item @ £10,000
Sprinkler installation; heads, distribution and share of infrastructure	7000 m2 @ £15
Communication installations		535,000	76.43	2.39
Fire alarm system; fully addressible, smoke detectors and infra-red sensors	7000 m2 @ £30
Public address system	7000 m2 @ £25
CCTV system (rate per camera)	30 @ £5000
Special installations		540,000	77.14	2.41
Building management system; including provision for interfaces with shop units	7000 m2 @ £20
People counting, to arcade and shop unit entrances	Item @ £400,000
Builders work in connection		220,000	31.43	0.98
Forming holes, chases etc – allow 5%	Item @ £220,000
Preliminaries and contingencies		3,690,000	527.14	16.49
Contractor's overheads, site establishment and site supervision, allow 14%	Item @ £2,620,000
Contingency sum – allow 5%	Item @ £1,070,000
TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST (BUILDING ONLY)		£22,373,000	£3196.13	100.00

Open arcade
		element cost	cost/m2 gfa £	% of total cost
Demolitions		400,000	57.14	2.6
Demolition and site clearance; temporary works; associated works	4000 m2 @ £70
Allowance for services and drainage diversions; builders work	4000 m2 @ £30
Substructure		782,000	111.71	5.09
Ground slab; 150 thick insitu concrete bed; ground beams; sub-base	4000 m2 @ £100
CFA piling; pile caps	4000 m2 @ £80
Extra for foundations to arcade features	Item @ £25,000
Allowance for lift pit	Item @ £7000
Allowance for escalator pits	6 @ £5000
Frame		777,000	111	5.05
Structural steel frame supporting retail frontage, first floor arcade, etc; allowance based on 50 kg/m2; fire protection, surface finishes	265t @ £1800
Structural steel frame; to support parapets, canopies and flat roof; allowance based on 35 kg/m2; fire protection, surface finishes	100t @ £1800
Allowance for feature steelwork to bridges across arcade	6 @ £20,000
Upper Floors		290,000	41.43	1.881
Composite construction; insitu concrete slabs on metal decking; power floating	3000 m2 @ £60
Insitu concrete flat slabs, 200 thick; to flat roof; parapets and upstands	1000 m2 @ £90
Extra for openings for staircases and escalators	Item @ £20,000
Roof		2,310,000	330	15.03
Glazed, monopitch canopies at first floor floor level; 4m wide on plan; feature secondary steelwork; rainwater goods	2000 m2 @ £800
Feature canopies spanning across open arcade; PTFE fabric; cabling and secondary support forming tension structure; rainwater goods	400 m2 @ £500
perimeters and openings	1000 m2 @ £80	80
Structural glass roofing to enclosures covering circulation areas, escalators, lift and stairs; secondary steelwork, rainwater goods	300 m2 @ £900
Allowance for roof features to main entrances	Item @ £100,000
Allowance for mansafe roof access system	Item @ £40,000
Internal cleaning access; cherry picker	Item @ £20,000
Stairs		680,000	97.14	4.42
Feature stairs from arcade to first floor; 5m rise, stainless steel balustrades, hardwood handrails, stone finishes	2 @ £60,000
Stainless steel balustrading; hardwood handrail; to first floor voids	700 m @ £600
Extra for curved balustrading	100 m @ £400
Sundry metalwork including cast iron balustrades and grilles to external walls	Item @ £75,000
Allowance for access stairs, platforms and cat ladders to plant areas and roofs	Item @ £25,000
External walls		2,087,000	298.14	13.58
Natural stone cladding to columns; 1.00m wide by 5.0m high; blockwork backing; insulation; stainless steel fixings	80 @ £2,400
Natural stone cladding to columns; 1.00m wide by 4.0m high; blockwork backing; insulation; stainless steel fixings	80 @ £2,000
Metal feature fascia panel above shopfronts; 1.20m high	840 m @ £250
Reconstituted stone cladding above shopfronts/walls; blockwork backing walls; including allowance for features; insulation, fixings	700 m2 @ £450
Timber feature panelling; external quality veneer panels; above shopfronts/walls; framing, blockwork backing; fixings	700 m2 @ £300
Rainscreen panels; powder coated aluminium; insulation, framing, blockwork backing; fixings	1000 m2 @ £325
Parapet detail above canopies at first floor level; 1.50m high; aluminium panelling; cornice detail; dressing to flat roof finish	500 m @ £750
Glazed cladding to feature lifts; single glazed structural glass; frame and fixings	Item @ £70,000
Allowance for wall features, including stone features at entrances	Item @ £200,000
Additional works to external walls including grilles and louvres	Item @ £30,000
Windows/shopfronts/doors		147,000	21	0.951
Temporary shopfronts; painted ply; access door; quantity based on 50 requirement; (permanent shopfronts by tenant)	1200 m2 @ £60
Feature windows; single glazed units; powder coated aluminium frame; 1.5m x 1.5m	50 @ £700
Fire escape/service doors to arcade; timber faced; sheet steel reinforced; stainless steel ironmongery; single	5 @ £1600
Fire escape/service doors to arcade; timber faced; sheet steel reinforced; stainless steel ironmongery; single	10 @ £2200
Allowance for sundry doors	Item @ £10,000
Wall finishes		370,000	52.86	2.41
Feature bulkhead above shopfronts; glass reinforced gypsum; framing; surface finish; openings for grilles; accessories; 1m high x 500mm deep	800 m @ £200
Feature bulkhead to first floor voids; glass reinforced gypsum; framing; surface finish; openings for voids; accessories; 500mm high x 500mm deep	700 m @ £150
Extra for curved bulkheads	100 m @ £150
Natural stone trim; to edge of first floor slab	600 m @ £150
Floor finishes		1,105,000	157.86	7.19
Stone paving; including patterns; features; trim strips; skirting; screeds; movement joints	4000 m2 @ £200
Brick paving; including patterns and features	3000 m2 @ £70
Allowance for continuous gutter; steel grating and outlets	300 m @ £150
Allowance for additional floor features	Item @ £50,000
Ceiling finishes		345,000	49.29	2.24
Feature ceiling below first floor colonnade; glass reinforced gypsum; framing; surface finish; accessories	1100 m2 @ £150
Extra for metal and glass feature finish to soffit of bridges at first floor level	400 m2 @ £450
Furniture and fittings		650,000	92.86	4.23
Allowance for street furniture; bins, benches, bollards etc	Item @ £120,000
Allowance for statutory and directional signage to mall	Item @ £30,000
Allowance for feature signage; banners, directories, graphics etc	Item @ £150,000
Allowance for planting and trees; including grilles, containers, drainage and irrigation	Item @ £150,000
Allowance for arcade features; main entrances treatment, artworks, etc	Item @ £200,000
Disposal installations		130,000	18.57	0.85
Rainwater disposal; cast iron downpipes and fittings	Item @ £50,000
Below ground drainage; manholes, covers etc	Item @ £80,000
Water installations		20,000	2.86	0.13
Landlord's supplies to arcade only	Item @ £20,000
Electrical installations		868,000	124	5.65
Mains and sub-mains distribution	7000 m2 @ £25
Landlord's small power to arcade and circulation areas; weather proofed to IP65	7000 m2 @ £8
Lighting and luminaires to arcade; weather proofed to IP65	7000 m2 @ £80
Extra for emergency lighting	7000 m2 @ £10
Earthing and bonding	7000 m2 @ £1
Lift installations		865,000	123.57	5.63
Escalators from arcade to first floor; 6m rise; glass balustrade; stainless steel finishes	6 @ £115,000
Feature lift including glass car; 13 person; two stops; hydraulic	1 @ £175,000
Protective installations		£10,000	1.43	0.07
Lightning protection	Item @ £10,000
Communication installations		430,000	61.43	2.8
Fire alarm system; fully addressable	7000 m2 @ £15
Public address system	7000 m2 @ £25
CCTV system (rate per camera)	30 @ £5000
Special installations		435,000	62.14	2.83
Building management system; lighting control, allowance for interface with retail units	7000 m2 @ £5
People counting, to arcade and shop unit entrances	Item @ £400,000
Builders work in connection		140,000	20	0.91
Forming holes, chases, etc – allow 5%	Item @ £140,000
Preliminaries and contingencies		2,530,000	361.43	16.46
Contractor's overheads, site establishment and site supervision, allow 14%	Item @ £1,800,000
Contingency sum – allow 5%	Item @ £730,000

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST (BUILDING ONLY)		£15,371,000	£2195.86	100.00

Regional variation
Inner London	1.10
Outer London	1.04
South-west England	0.97
East Midlands	0.93
West Midlands	0.95
East Anglia	0.93
Yorkshire and Humberside	0.89
North-west England	0.92
Northern England	0.92
Scotland	0.93
Wales	0.89
The cost breakdown is based on a project in south-east England and should be adjusted by the following location factors for schemes in other regions.