Target CO2 emission rate (TER): the dos and don’ts | Archive Titles

Table 1: Hierarchy of CO2 emission factors (CEF) for fuels commonly used in building services
Fuel 1	CEF (1) (kgCO2 kWh-1)	Fuel 2 : GridElec	Fuel 2 : Oil	Fuel 2 :LPG	Fuel 2 :NatGas	Fuel 2 :BioFuel	kWh kgCO2-1	Fuel cost saving: £ per tonne of CO2 saved per p kWh-1 of fuel cost
		CEF (Fuel1)/ CEF(Fuel 2) (2)	CEF (Fuel1)/CEF(Fuel 2)	CEF (Fuel1)/CEF(Fuel 2)	CEF (Fuel1)/CEF(Fuel 2)	CEF (Fuel1)/ CEF(Fuel 2)
GridElec	0.422	1	1.592	1.803	2.175	16.88	2.37	23.7
Oil	0.265	0.628	1	1.132	1.366	10.6	3.774	37.74
LPG	0.234	0.555	0.883	1	1.206	9.36	4.274	42.74
NatGas	0.194	0.46	0.732	0.829	1	7.76	5.155	51.55
BioFuel (‘gas’ or ‘mass’)	0.025	0.059	0.094	0.107	0.129	1	40	400
		(GridElec - GridDisp) / CEF (Fuel 2)	(GridDisp - /CEF (Fuel 2)	(GridDisp - /CEF (Fuel 2)	(GridDisp - /CEF (Fuel 2)	(GridDisp -/CEF (Fuel 2)	kWh kgCO2-1	Ditto as above (4)
Grid-displaced electricity	0.568 (3)	-0.346	-0.551	-0.624	-0.753	-5.84	1.761	17.61

%3Cstrong%3ETechnology%3C/strong%3E	%3Cstrong%3ETypical applications%3C/strong%3E
Absorption-cycle refrigeration plant	Comfort cooling
Biomass fuel	Space heating or domestic hot water (DHW)
Combined heat and power (CHP)	On-site generation of electricity with simultaneous space heating, DHW or
	absorption-cycle comfort cooling
Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP)	Space heating or comfort cooling
Ground water cooling (GWC)	Comfort cooling
Solar energy systems (SES)	Heating or pre-heating of DHW
Photovoltaics (PVs)	On-site generation of electricity from sunlight as a renewable energy source
Waste heat	Space heating, DHW or absorption-cycle comfort cooling
Wind generators (WGs)	On-site generation of electricity from the wind as a renewable energy source