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Keep up to dateTable 1 The six base scenarios | ||||
Three glazing scenarios | ||||
% internally measured transparency | ||||
100 | 75 | 40 | ||
Two system scenarios | Displacement ventilation and chilled beams | 100 | 75 | 40 |
Fan-coil unit | 100 | 75 | 40 |
Table 2 The 18 carbon reduction strategies | |
Building services | Envelope |
1 Lighting load reduced from 15W/m2 to 12W/m2 | 13 Use of internal shading devices |
2 Chiller EER* improved from 2.5 to 3.4: air-cooled | 14 Use of external shading devices |
3 Chiller EER* improved from 2.5 to 4: air-cooled | 15 U-value of glazing improved from 2.2 to 1.8 |
4 Chiller EER* improved from 2.5 to 5: water-cooled | 16 Solar control glazing (g %3D 0.37; solar %3D 0.6) |
5 Boiler efficiency improved from 81% to 89% | 17 Air permeability rate improved to 5m3/hr/m2 |
6 SFP reduced from 2.0W to 1.5W | 18 Air permeability rate improved to 3m3/hr/m2 |
7 Heat recovery (plates-65%; SFP%3D2.0) | EER: energy efficiency ratio |
8 Heat recovery (plates-65%; SFP%3D2.5) | AHU: air handling unit |
9 Leakage test ductwork improved to Class B | SFP: specific fan power |
10 AHU** air-leakage test improved to Class L1 | BMS: building management system |
11 Lighting metering provided and connected to BMS | g: emmisivity |
12 Power factor improved to %3E 0.95W | Solar: solar transmission coefficiency |
Table 3 - Carbon Reduction ranked according to cost effectiveness | |||||||
Cost of initiative (£/m2 GIFA*) | Carbon emissions reduction (kg of CO2/m2/pa) | Investment effectiveness (kg of CO2 reduction/£) | Cost of initiative (£/m2 GIFA) | Carbon emissions reduction (kg of CO2/m2/pa) | Investment effectiveness (kg of CO2 reduction/£) | ||
Glazing proportion | 40% glazing | 100% glazing | |||||
Part L compliant emissions | 40kg | 43kg | |||||
1 | Reduce lighting load by 20% | 3.52 | -4.8 | 1.4 | 3.52 | -4.3 | 1.2 |
2 | Improve AHU leakage to class L1 | 0.40 | -0.4 | 1.0 | 0.40 | -0.4 | 1.1 |
3 | Substitute chilled beams for 4-pipe fan coils | 8.75 | -8.0 | 0.9 | 8.75 | -8.0 | 0.9 |
4 | Specify solar control glazing, g %3D 0.37 | 6.13 | -2.8 | 0.5 | 15.32 | -4.7 | 0.3 |
5 | Boiler efficiency improved to 89% | 0.90 | -0.4 | 0.4 | 0.90 | -0.4 | 0.5 |
6 | Solar control glazing | 6.13 | -2.4 | 0.4 | 15.32 | -4.7 | 0.3 |
7 | Specific Fan Power reduction to 1.5 | 6.90 | -2.0 | 0.3 | 6.90 | -2.2 | 0.3 |
8 | Water cooled chiller ERR %3D 5 | 12.58 | -4.0 | 0.3 | 12.58 | -4.7 | 0.4 |
9 | Power Factor correction improved to %3E0.95 | 3.40 | -0.8 | 0.2 | 3.40 | -0.9 | 0.3 |
10 | Improve ductwork leakage to Class B | 6.50 | -0.4 | 0.1 | 6.50 | -0.4 | 0.1 |
11 | External shading devices | 30.88 | -2.8 | 0.1 | 30.88 | -5.6 | 0.2 |
12 | Internal blinds | 5.36 | -0.4 | 0.1 | 13.41 | -0.4 | 0.0 |
Total cost of carbon reduction initiatives | 91.45 | 117.88 | |||||
* GIFA: gross internal floor area |
Table 4 - Assessment of occupier benefits of reduced carbon emissions * | ||
Annual saving £/100m2 | Present value of saving** £ total | |
25% carbon reduction | ||
Gas and electricity | 730 | £1,640,000 |
Carbon | 0.88*** | £2,000*** |
50% carbon reduction | ||
Gas and electricity | 1,460 | £3,280,000 |
Carbon | 1.75*** | £3,900*** |
* Based on the 40% glazed option | ||
** Calculated on the basis of GIFA %3D 11,250m2, and a year's purchase @ 5% | ||
*** Calculated on the basis of *1.25/EU emissions allowance (equivalent to 1 tonne of carbon emissions) |