European whole-life costs | Features

Labour performance factors
	Climate (°C)			Rain (mm)			Labour performance	Building labourer
Country	min	max	avg	min	max	Avg
Austria	-3	25	11	40	90	58	1.00	11,330
Belgium	-2	23	11	60	100	79	0.90	13,500
Finland	-10	22	5	40	85	62	0.95	15,710
France	2	24	12	40	60	53	0.95	10,310
Germany	-3	24	10	40	70	53	0.90	10,490
Greece	6	33	19	0	75	33	1.45	6,775
Ireland	2	20	10	50	80	68	1.00	19,810
Italy	5	30	17	10	110	60	1.00	9,930
Luxembourg	-1	23	10	40	90	63	0.95	16,285
Netherlands	-2	22	10	50	80	63	1.00	14,290
Portugal	8	29	18	0	100	53	1.25	6,895
Spain	2	31	16	10	50	34	1.15	9,410
Sweden	-5	21	7	25	85	50	1.05	16,465
UK	3	22	11	40	55	47	1.00	22,395
Taken from UBS report Prices and Earnings Around the Globe (Feb 2005) – update of 2003 edition.

Whole life costs
		UK		Austria		Belgium		Finland		France		Germany		Greece		Ireland		Italy		Luxembourg		Netherlands		Portugal		Spain		Sweden
		Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²
Asset Acquisition
	Construction cost	1,878,143	834.73	1,610,726	715.88	1,544,366	686.38	1,931,326	858.37	1,716,894	763.06	1,711,103	760.49	1,429,119	635.16	2,185,520	971.34	1,710,881	760.39	1,741,125	773.83	1,903,598	846.04	1,506,304	669.47	1,580,298	702.35	2,375,445	1,055.75
	Asset Acquisition subtotal	1,878,143	834.73	1,610,726	715.88	1,544,366	686.38	1,931,326	858.37	1,716,894	763.06	1,711,103	760.49	1,429,119	635.16	2,185,520	971.34	1,710,881	760.39	1,741,125	773.83	1,903,598	846.04	1,506,304	669.47	1,580,298	702.35	2,375,445	1,055.75
Occupancy costs
	M&E maintenance	649,367	288.61	651,044	289.35	686,217	304.99	769,189	341.86	594,135	264.06	658,412	292.63	569,571	253.14	491,898	218.62	373,571	166.03	974,129	432.95	595,220	264.54	368,255	163.67	666,750	296.33	712,920	316.85
	Fabric	651,594	289.60	479,334	213.04	304,577	135.37	556,726	247.43	411,927	183.08	294,591	130.93	389,459	173.09	189,736	84.33	194,729	86.55	466,851	207.49	327,045	145.35	282,108	125.38	456,865	203.05	264,632	117.61
	Cleaning	926,776	411.90	624,303	277.47	795,339	353.48	1,446,597	642.93	993,553	441.58	731,292	325.02	531,937	236.42	698,999	310.67	610,689	271.42	670,883	298.17	754,041	335.13	483,725	214.99	705,409	313.52	2,022,739	899.00
	Waste	13,986	6.22	9,174	4.08	11,009	4.89	25,478	11.32	16,776	7.46	8,912	3.96	6,815	3.03	9,436	4.19	9,961	4.43	9,699	4.31	11,009	4.89	5,242	2.33	10,223	4.54	38,742	17.22
	Electricity	429,360	190.83	720,380	320.17	280,148	124.51	272,144	120.95	536,283	238.35	368,194	163.64	304,160	135.18	304,160	135.18	368,194	163.64	211,311	93.92	408,215	181.43	440,232	195.66	744,393	330.84	140,418	62.41
	Gas installations	29,323	13.03	80,357	35.71	34,175	15.19	129,309	57.47	33,251	14.78	36,022	16.01	20,526	9.12	27,709	12.32	43,411	19.29	26,786	11.90	48,953	21.76	24,015	10.67	27,155	12.07	17,594	7.82
	Water	28,044	12.46	14,503	6.45	45,986	20.44	45,632	20.28	40,680	18.08	25,240	11.22	28,299	12.58	23,838	10.59	30,849	13.71	40,680	18.08	40,680	18.08	33,605	14.94	35,020	15.56	33,859	15.05
	Communications	414,290	184.13	899,136	399.62	368,084	163.59	324,098	144.04	278,735	123.88	312,298	138.80	197,776	87.90	360,874	160.39	262,608	116.71	446,683	198.53	328,687	146.08	353,990	157.33	279,259	124.12	291,411	129.52
	Postroom	29,217	12.99	34,581	15.37	30,064	13.36	39,944	17.75	35,710	15.87	20,607	9.16	31,899	14.18	23,289	10.35	12,280	5.46	33,734	14.99	28,229	12.55	15,103	6.71	31,475	13.99	20,607	9.16
	Porterage	60,273	26.79	57,838	25.71	45,097	20.04	66,950	29.76	55,885	24.84	34,881	15.50	50,915	22.63	32,797	14.58	21,672	9.63	56,387	25.06	44,243	19.66	28,625	12.72	53,596	23.82	33,495	14.89
	Internal moves	729,872	324.39	536,917	238.63	341,166	151.63	623,607	277.16	461,413	205.07	329,980	146.66	436,245	193.89	212,530	94.46	218,123	96.94	522,935	232.42	366,334	162.82	315,998	140.44	511,749	227.44	296,423	131.74
	Security	240,267	106.79	209,947	93.31	220,965	98.21	262,477	116.66	244,475	108.66	180,010	80.00	261,354	116.16	171,212	76.09	121,506	54.00	260,022	115.57	197,738	87.88	108,553	48.25	212,270	94.34	164,327	73.03
	Management	179,278	79.68	101,120	44.94	145,277	64.57	146,601	65.16	145,718	64.76	142,186	63.19	194,291	86.35	112,600	50.04	105,977	47.10	181,044	80.46	121,873	54.17	69,327	30.81	123,640	54.95	118,782	52.79
	Occupancy cost subtotal	4,381,648	1,947.40	4,418,633	1,963.84	3,308,103	1,470.27	4,708,753	2,092.78	3,848,540	1,710.46	3,142,624	1,396.72	3,023,247	1,343.67	2,659,078	1,181.81	2,373,569	1,054.92	3,901,143	1,733.84	3,272,268	1,454.34	2,528,778	1,123.90	3,857,804	1,714.58	4,155,950	1,847.09
Whole-life cost over 25 years (NPV)		6,259,791	2,782.13	6,029,359	2,679.72	4,852,469	2,156.65	6,640,079	2,951.15	5,565,434	2,473.53	4,853,727	2,157.21	4,452,366	1,978.83	4,844,598	2,153.15	4,084,450	1,815.31	5,642,268	2,507.67	5,175,866	2,300.39	4,035,082	1,793.37	5,438,102	2,416.93	6,531,395	2,902.84
* Construction costs exclude: land acquisition, capital allowances, finance costs and taxes.
** Occupancy costs exclude: lifts, external works and planting, reception and any catering.