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Table 1: Display and storage requirements
 DisplayStorage
Museum type(% gfa)(%gfa)
National3529
Local authority5725
Independent5812
All museums5319
Source: Manual of Museum Planning
Table 2: Typical specified floor loadings
FunctionTypical floor loading (kN/m2)
Exhibition spaces04-May
Circulation04-May
Toilets2
Catering3
Retail4+ (depending on storage)
StorageMay-15
Offices2.5
Workshops5-7.5
Plant7.5-10
Allowance for suspended exhibitsup to 2.5
Table 3: Environmental design criteria
Close environment control 
Temperature19 (±)1 °C (winter)
 24 (±1) °C (summer)
Relative humidity50-55 (±5) %
Particle filtration90-95% efficiency
Good quality control 
Temperature20 (±2) °C
Relative humidity53 (±7) %
Particle filtration60% efficiency
Collections in display cases 
Temperature16-26 °C
Relative humidity45-65 %
Particle filtration90% efficiency
Table 4: Indicative fit-out costs
Display cases and lighting, finishes£2000-4000/m2
Display fittings and power£1000-1800/m2
Interactive display£1500-2500/m2
Ticketing and retail£1000-1500/m2
Display case (to 1.5 x 1.5m)£3000--15000/each
Fibre-optic lighting to display case£700-1000
Interactive 'hands-on' feature£7000-10000/each
Interactive video installations:jojk''
Video wallallow £250-350000
Video monitor hardwareallow £3500-5000
AV installation to cinemaallow £100-350 000
Table 5: Indicative construction costs
Building typeCost (£/m2 gfa)*
International standard art gallery1600-2200
National standard museum (excluding fit-out)1800+
National standard art gallery 1300-1600
National standard science and technology muserum (excluding fit-out)1200-1500
National standard independent specialist museum (excluding fit-out)1200-1500
Regional independend specialist museum (excluding fit-out)800-1200
Independent commercial art gallery700-900
Refurbishment of historic building to create gallery space to international standardsup to 3500
*Costs are for outer London and exclude demolition, enabling works and external works
Cost breakdown
 Element cost (£)Cost /m2 gfa (£)% of total cost
Substructure208 10088.225.85
Foundations: 450/600 mm diameter piles, 12 m deep, removing spoil 80 @£730
Allowance for testing item @£15 000
Pile caps: formwork with fine smooth finish to exposed surfaces 80 @£250
Insitu reinforced concrete suspended slab, reinforcement @ 170 kg/m3 1240 m2 @£80
Damp-proofing: liquid asphaltic bitumen, vapour barrier, insulation 1240 m2 @£12.50
Frame131 60055.793.7
Insitu reinforced concrete shear walls: average 200 mm thick, special smooth finish, reinforcement @ 175 kg/m3 125 m2 @£90
Insitu reinforced concrete columns: average 300 x 300 mm, special smooth finish, reinforcement @ 175 kg/m3 180 m @£45
Insitu reinforced concrete columns: 300 mm diameter, special smooth finish, reinforcement @ 175 kg/m3 100 m @£70
Fabricated and erected grade 43 steel frame: beams, purlins, cladding rails, based on 70 kg/m2 45 t @£1,100
Fabricated and erected grade 43 steel frame: trusses and build-up girders, based on 70 kg/m2 19 t @£1,800
Additional steelwork item @£12 000
Surface finishes: blast cleaning, two-coat primer 1900 m2 @£5
Upper floors105 80044.852.97
Insitu reinforced concrete suspended slab: average 280 mm thick, special smooth finish, reinforcement @ 170 kg/m3 1175 m2 @£90
Roof341 500 144.769.6
Insitu reinforced concrete suspended slab: average 230 mm thick with upstands etc, special smooth finish to soffit, reinforcement @ 200 kg/m3 300 m2 @£110
Structural timber: pitched roof members in treated sawn softwood, average size 100 x 50 mm, individual supports, cappings etc 880 m2 @£12
Coated stainless steel sheeting: U-profile structural liner, 18 mm water/boilproof plywood, insulation 1860 m2 @£95
Extra for insulated gutters 150 m @£65
Extra for perimeter treatments, facias, copings, flashings, etc 540 m @£25
Patent glazing: double-glazed laminated rooflight, powder-coated aluminium glazing bars 240 m 2 @£250
Allowance for louvre panels to rooflights item @£20 000
Single-ply PVCu roofing: fully adhered membrane, insulation pre-cut to falls, vapour barrier 240 m2 @£75
Stairs55 50023.531.56
Precast concrete stairs and half-landings: two numbers, overall rise 2.85, special smooth finish item @£12 000
Insitu concrete stairs and steps: five number, overall rise 6 m, fine smooth finish to soffit item @£6,000
Isolated balustrades: average 1.1 m high stainless steel handrail, toughened glass panel 25 m @£500
Isolated handrails: stainless steel, 50 mm diameter 40 m @£150
Mild steel screens: 50 x 50 mm rolled hollow section framing, 3 mm thick mild steel sheet both sides, associated mild steel handrails 30 m2 @£300
Access ladder and roof-level gantry item @£10 000
External walls148 60062.994.18
Hardwood rainscreen cladding: unseasoned English oak, Douglas fir framing, vapour barrier, 180 mm thick mineral wool insulation 546 m2 @£150
Stainless steel flushing 160 m @£42
Glass-reinforced cement panel cladding: steel-stud framing, insulation, mastic joints 160 m2 @£275
Glass-reinforced cement soffit cladding: steel-stud framing, insulation, mastic joints 80 m2 @£200
Windows and external doors273 700116.027.69
Steel-framed glazed screens, double-glazed units with 6 mm toughened glass outer pane and 10 mm laminatd glass inner pane 500 m2 @£300
Extra for sliding window assemblies 200 m2 @£220
Extra for polyester powder-coated doors sets 6 @£1,200
Steel doors: 1.5 x 3 m, galvanised polyester powder-coated, rolled hollow section steel frame, stainless steel door furniture 6 @£5,500
Steel doors: 1.1 x 2.8 m polyester powder-coated, one-hour fire-rating, galvanised steel channel frame, stainless steel door furniture 11 @£2,150
External roller blinds: acrylic canvas, gear-operated, 2 m projection 110 m2 @£130
Windows boards, trims and accessories item @£15 000
Internal walls and partitions61 30025.991.72
Partitions: 100 mm thick dense aggregate common blockwork 550 m2 @£18
Partitions: 100 mm thick dense aggregate facing blockwork 300 m2 @£32
Metal and stud partition: two layers of plasterboard each face, insulation, skim coat 100 m2 @£35
Glazed screens: stainless and mild steel plates and channels, 15 mm clear-float toughened glass, 100 mm obscure-float toughened glass, butt joints, silicone sealant 115 m2 @£250
Cubicle paritions  item @£2,500
Laminate-faced duct panels: sawn-softwood framing item @£7,000
Internal doors117 20049.683.29
Flush doors: sheet-steel, reinforced solid core, oak-veneer facings, factory-applied lacquer finish, mild steel door frame, 30-minute fire-rating, stainless steel door furniture 35 @£1,950
Flush doors: sheet stell, reinfoced solid core, oak-vener facings, factory-applied lacquer finish, mild steel door frame, 30-minute fire-rating, stainless steel door furniture 19 @£1,450
Steel doors and frames: factory-glazed, polyester powder-coated finish, one-hour fire-rating, vision panels 7 @£1,850
Glass doors: 12 mm armourplate glass, floor spring, pivot fixings 6 @£1,400
Wall finishes31 800 13.480.89
Dry-lining: sawn-softwood framing, two layers plasterboard, skim coat 50 m2 @£15
Dry-lining: sawn-softwood framing, moisture-resistant plasterboard, skim coat 870 m2 @£12
Plaster: 10 mm thick, bonding agent, galvanised steel beading 695 m2 @£16
Ceramic tiling  125 m2 @£50
Decorations: emulsion paint, one mist coat, two top-coats 1600 m2 @£2
Floor finishes232 20098.436.52
Timber narrow striop flooring: English oak boarding, tongue-and-groove joints, softwood battens 1500 m2 @£125
Sand: cement screed: average 75 mm thick, wood float finish 1185 m2 @£17
600 x 600 mm polished concrete floor tiles 100 m2 @£205
Medium-density fibreboard skirtings 760 m @£4
Mats and matwells: stainless steel frame, coir matting item @£1,000
Ceiling finishes57 10024.211.61
Suspended ceilings: metal pantiles, clip-on suspension system, 150-500 mm suspension  40 m2 @£45
Suspended ceilings: vinyl-faced non-asbestos panels, 150-500 mm suspension 60 m2 @£35
Dry-lining: one layer plasterboard, drywall primer, galvanised steel support channel  1550 m2 @£25
Extra for plasterboard acoustic panels 730 m2 @£16
Decorations: emulsion paint, one mist coat, two top-coats 1550 m2 @£2
Furniture and fittings (Excluding display fittings and exhibition fit-out)165 00069.944.64
Roller-blinds and light deflectors to gallery rooflights item @£90 000
Allowance for fittings to reception: desk, entry-control barrier item @£20 000
Allowance for fittings to shop: counter, turnstile item @£10 000
Allowance for fittings to education room: curtains, workbenches, shelving, sinks, etc item @£12 000
Allowance for office desks and shelving item @£10 000
Allowance for fittings to workshops, stores and staff rooms item @£18 000
Allowance for cloakroom fittings item @£5,000
Sanitary fittings14 9006.320.42
Urinals, WCs, wash-hand basins and fittings 23 @£550
Extra for fitting to disabled toilet 1 @£350
Shower: tray, door, thermostatic control 1 @£1,200
Cleaners' sinks  2 @£370
Kitchen equipment65 00027.551.83
Kitchen and servery equipment item @£65 000
Disposal installations8 0003.390.22
Siphonic drainage rainwater disposal system and PVCu soil and vent installation systems  item @£8,000
Water installations33 00013.990.93
Water mains distribution 2359 m2 @£3
Cold water storage and distribution 2359 m2 @£6
Hot water systems: calorifier, pumps, distribution pipework 2359 m2 @£5
Space heating and air treatment481 200203.9813.52
Gas installation  item @£4,000
Heating installation: boilers, pumps, distribution, flue 2359 m2 @£35
Hiross underfloor heating system 1184 m2 @£40
Air-conditioning to gallery areas: supply, extract, chilled water installation, condensate drainage 1175 m2 @£250
Kitchen extract ventilation item @£13 000
Toilet extract ventilation item @£12 000
Thermal insulation and trace heating item @£28 500
Electrical installations298 800126.668.4
Mains and sub-mains installations 2359 m2 @£18
Power supply to mechanical plant item @£25 000
Small power installation  2359 m2 @£20
Lighting and general luminaires 2359 m2 @£55
Display lighting to galleries: track-mounted feature spotlights item @£45 000
Emergency lighting installation 2359 m2 @£4
Lift installation24 10010.220.68
Eight-person lift: electro-hydraulic, serving two floors, speed 0.4 m/second item @£24 100
Protective installation5 3002.250.15
Lightning protection  item @£3,500
Earthing and bonding item @£1,800
Communications40 20017.041.13
Fire alarm: fully addressable analogue system, smoke detectors, call points  2359 m2 @£8
Telephone and data wiring 2359 m2 @£2.50
Television aerial installation item @£1,400
Public address system item @£7,000
Security: intruder detection, closed-circuit television, etc item @£7,000
Special installations35 40015.010.99
Building management system 2359 m2 @£15
Builder's work in connection30 00012.720.84
Forming holes, chases etc, allow 3% item @£30 000
Preliminaries and contingencies593 100251 4216.67
Management costs, site establishment and site supervision, allow 15% item @£444 800
Contingency sum, allow 5% item @£148 300
Total cost, building only3,558,7001,508.56100
Regional Variations
Inner London1.09
Outer London1.03
South-wast England0.97
East Midlands0.94
West Midlands0.95
East Anglia0.97
Yorkshire and Humberside0.94
North-west0.98
North0.94
Scotland0.96
Wales0.95
Northern Ireland0.82