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Keep up to dateIndicative rates for paving and landscape | ||
Pavements | Unit | Cost £ |
All rates allow for any sub-bases/foundations | ||
Gravel; river or pit; washed; 63 mm thick | m2 | 15-28 |
Resin-bonded gravel; 63 mm thick | m2 | 30-45 |
Pea shingle | m2 | 16-21 |
Dense bitumen macadam to pavements; 60 mm thick overall; sub-base | m2 | 13-17 |
Precast concrete flag paving; 65 mm thick | m2 | 20-35 |
Precast concrete tactile flag paving; 65mm thick | m2 | 37-42 |
Precast concrete blocks; 65 mm thick | m2 | 25-40 |
Precast stone aggregate paving; 65 mm thick | m2 | 50-75 |
Brick paving; herringbone pattern | m2 | 50-75 |
Concrete setts | m2 | 40-50 |
Granite setts | m2 | 80-150 |
York stone slab; 75 mm thick | m2 | 90-125 |
Cobblestone; 50-75 mm diameter | m2 | 80-110 |
Kerbs; concrete | m | 20-28 |
Kerbs; reconstituted stone | m | 30-35 |
Kerbs; granite | m | 50-100 |
Edgings; concrete | m | 10-18 |
Edgings; granite | m | 40-80 |
Reinforced grass | m2 | 25-30 |
Soft Landscaping | ||
Decking; timber joists and cedar decking boards | m2 | 55-80 |
Cultivation and seeding to informal landscaped areas; by hand | m2 | 3-13 |
Cultivation and seeding to informal landscaped areas; by machine | m2 | 0.5-1 |
Extra for imported topsoil | m2 | 2-4 |
Planting; seeded areas | m2 | 3-5 |
Planting; turfed areas | m2 | 5-10 |
Planted areas; bulbs | m2 | 5-20 |
Planted areas; shrubbed | m2 | 10-20 |
Planted areas; dense | m2 | 25-40 |
Trickle irrigation pipes | m | 2-6 |
Tree pits; 1 × 1 × 1 m deep; machine dug | nr | 55-65 |
Tree pits; 1 × 1 × 1 m deep; hand dug | nr | 65-100 |
Tree anchoring system; trees to 7.5 m high | nr | 20-55 |
Tree guards; wire mesh and stakes | nr | 15-20 |
Tree grille in frame; 1.2 m diameter | nr | 250-750 |
Nursery stock trees; semi mature trees 20-25 cm girth: | nr | 380-500 |
Nursery stock trees; semi mature trees 55-60 cm girth | nr | 1250-1350 |
Street furniture | ||
(All rates include for supply, installation, and any fixings/foundations) | ||
Bollards; concrete | nr | 110-180 |
Bollards; cast iron | nr | 185-550 |
Benches; timber | nr | 450-1000 |
Benches; concrete | nr | 250-400 |
Litter bins; galvanized metal; on pole upstand | nr | 50-100 |
Litter bins; cast iron; on pole upstand | nr | 300-800 |
Cycle racks | nr | 50-300 |
Tree planters; stand alone; precast concrete; 2 m dia × 235 mm high | nr | 320-380 |
Pedestrian direction signage | nr | 100-500 |
Fencing and security measures | ||
(All rates include foundations) | ||
Steel railings/guardrails | m | 50-70 |
Chestnut pale fencing; 900 cm-1.2 m high | m | 7-10 |
Close boarded softwood fencing; concrete posts; 1.35-1.8 m high | m | 20-30 |
Chainlink fencing; 1.2-1.8 m high | m | 20-40 |
Galvanized steel palisade fencing; 2.5 m high | m | 80-95 |
Manual, folding parking post | nr | 180-230 |
Manual telescopic bollard | nr | 650-700 |
Automatic rising roadway blocker; card access control | nr | 16,000-18,000 |
Water features | ||
Formation of lake; excavation to 1.5 m maximum, off-site spoil disposal; butyl liner and blinding layer; top soil layer and planting | m2 | 50-90 |
Indicative rates for civils and services infrastructure | ||
Rates for heavy civils and services infrastructure are appropriate for infrastructure projects in excess of £10m. The rates are current for the fourth quarter 2003, based on a South-east location. They include preliminaries, but exclude professional fees and VAT. | ||
Primary road infrastructure | ||
The development of business parks, distribution centres and large-scale housing schemes can involve the construction of roads designed for heavy traffic flows or for adoption by the local authority. Indicative costs of roads and associated features are set out below. | ||
Roads | ||
Two lane road 7.3 m wide, rural location | m | 1100-1400 |
Extra for; features | nr | 500 |
Two lane road 7.3 m wide, urban link road | m | 1550-2000 |
Extra for; features | nr | 700 |
Four lane road, dual carriageway, 25.6 m wide overall, rural location | m | 1500-1800 |
Extra for; features | nr | 1400 |
Four lane road,dual carriageway, 23.1 m wide overall, urban location | m | 1500-1750 |
Extra for; features | nr | 2300 |
Costs are based on normal ground conditions and include earthworks, drainage, pavements, lighting, signs, fencing and safety barriers (where necessary). The maximum depth of cut assumed is 1 m. Costs of features such as interchanges, side roads, bridges, culverts, gantries and retaining walls and so on are not included and are given as an average extra over cost for f | ||
Civil structures | ||
Road bridge; insitu concrete | ||
15 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1150-1250 |
20 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1100-1300 |
Road bridge; insitu concrete with precast concrete beams | ||
12 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1200-1300 |
17 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1100-1200 |
27 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1050-1150 |
Road bridge; insitu concrete with prefabricated steel beams | ||
20 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1100-1250 |
40 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 1050-1200 |
Footbridge; insitu concrete with precast concrete beams | ||
10 m maximum span between abutments | m2 | 950-1000 |
Extra overcost of features constructed as part of the road construction programme | ||
Pedestrian underpass, 3 × 2.5 m high | m | 3500-4500 |
Vehicle underpass, 7 × 5 m high | m | 16,500-20,000 |
Costs include excavation, concrete works, deck waterproofing and finishings and parapet. Rates are based on the area of the bridge deck. | ||
Road crossings and signage | ||
Roundabout, traffic signal controlled | nr | 60,000-80,000 |
Four-way traffic signal installation | nr | 38,000-55,000 |
Zebra crossing | nr | 4500-5000 |
Pelican crossing | nr | 12,000-18,000 |
Costs include road markings, beacons, luminaires and signs | ||
Traffic signage; reflective | nr | 100-170 |
Traffic signage; internally illuminated | nr | 200-270 |
Traffic signage; externally illuminated | nr | 450-1350 |
Ground remediation and stabilisation | ||
Remediation | ||
Removal | m3 | 55-165 |
Clean cover (rate based on area of site) | m2 | 25-55 |
On-site encapsulation (rate based on volume of material) | m3 | 25-90 |
Bio-remediation (rate based on mass of treated material) | t | 35-95 |
Soil washing (rate based on mass of treated material) | t | 45-95 |
Soil flushing (rate based on mass of treated material) | t | 65-120 |
Vacuum extraction (rate based on mass of treated material) | t | 55-120 |
Thermal treatment (rate based on mass of treated material) | t | 825-1300 |
Stabilisation | ||
Erosion control mat; topsoil | m2 | 4-6 |
Revetment; stone filled mattress gabions, 1 m thick | m2 | 50-85 |
Revetement; grasscrete; drainage layer, topsoil, seed | m2 | 35-45 |
Retaining wall; timber cribwall | m2 | 110-230 |
Retaining wall; precast concrete cribwall | m2 | 210-260 |
Retaining wall; precast concrete; complete | m2 | 270-330 |
Retaining wall; in-situ concrete; complete | m2 | 330-400 |
On-site roads, drainage and car parking | ||
Site roads and drainage | ||
Indicative costs of road and drainage infrastructure for housing, retail or industrial development | ||
Medium duty highway construction | ||
4% road density | ha | 30,000-38,000 |
6.5% road density | ha | 50,000-60,000 |
Heavy-duty highway construction | ||
4% road density | ha | 35,000-45,000 |
6.5% road density | ha | 58,000-68,000 |
Costs based on the overall site area. Costs of car parking are excluded. | ||
Land and site drainage | ||
Site drainage; (rate based on paved area) | m2 | 5-18 |
Building drainage; (rate based on gifa) | m2 | 6-15 |
Land drainage to parkland at 30 m centres and main runs at 100 m centres | ha | 3000-3300 |
Land drainage to sportsfields at 10 m centres and main runs at 33 m centres | ha | 8000-9000 |
Costs include for excavation and backfilling of trenches and laying clay drain pipes with 75 mm diameter laternal runs average 60 mm deep; 100 mm diameter main runs average 750 mm deep. | ||
Car parking | ||
Surface car parking (20-22 m2 per car) | m2 | 50-75 |
Surface car parking; landscaped (22-24 m2 per car) | m2 | 80-110 |
Grade and upper-level car parking (24-30 m2 per car) | m2 | 150-250 |
Multistorey flat slab (24-30 m2 per car) | m2 | 270-340 |
Semi basement with natural ventilation (24-30 m2 per car) | m2 | 350-410 |
Lighting | ||
Lighting to roads; 12-15 m columns | nr | 600-750 |
Lighting to pedestrian areas; bollard | nr | 550-750 |
Recessed ground lights | nr | 250-1000 |
All rates include excavation; power supply and controls. | ||
Below ground services | ||
Services laid in trenches including excavation | ||
Water main | ||
PVCu water main; 75 mm; in 150 mm cast iron pipe as duct | m | 45-80 |
Electric main | ||
600/1000 V cable, 100 mm clayware duct; granular bed and surround | m | 28-35 |
On site LV distribution | ||
Armoured LV cable in trench; 3 core 2.5 mm cable; | ||
trench backfilled with excavated material | m | 8-15 |
Gas main | ||
MDPE pipe; 150 mm; on granular bed and surround | m | 40-60 |
Telecommunications | ||
PVCu duct; 4 × 100 mm; on granular bed and surround; | ||
backfill with excavated material; marker tape | m | 20-35 |
Drainage | ||
Slot drain; galvanized steel channel; stainless steel cover | m | 90-150 |
Clay/PVCua pipework; 100/150 mm; | ||
on granular bed and surround; up to 3 m deep | m | 35-45 |
Cast iron pipework; 100/150 mm; | ||
on concrete bed and surround; up to 3 m deep | m | 60-90 |
Clay pipework; 300 mm; on granular bed and surround; | ||
up to 3 m deep | m | 85-100 |
Concrete pipework; 450 mm; on granular bed; up to 3 m deep | m | 100-120 |
Concrete pipework; 900 mm; on granular bed; up to 3 m deep | m | 140-170 |
Inspection chambers; brick; 900-1500 mm deep; | ||
including concrete cover slab and cast iron cover and frame | nr | 700-1000 |
Precast concrete inspection chambers; 1.5 m dia × 900-1.5 m deep; | ||
concrete cover slab; cast iron cover and frame | nr | 1000-1200 |
Extra over inspection chambers for reessed covers | nr | 130-350 |
Road gully; vitrified clay or precast concrete; cast iron grating; | ||
concrete surround; 450 × 900 mm deep | nr | 170-200 |
High voltage electicity | ||
11 kV overhead power lines (cost per run) | km | 30,000-40,000 |
11 kV underground power lines (cost per run) | km | 95,000-105,000 |
Regional variations | |
All costs in this article are based on schemes located in the South-east. The location factors can be used to adjust cost for projects in other areas. Care should be taken in applying the location factors to items where a high proportion of the cost is related to products or materials that do not vary in cost depending on the location of the work. | |
Inner London | 1.13 |
Outer London | 1.06 |
South-east | 1.00 |
South-west | 0.93 |
East Midlands | 0.91 |
West Midlands | 0.91 |
East Anglia | 0.95 |
Yorkshire & Humberside | 0.88 |
North-west | 0.91 |
North | 0.90 |
Scotland | 0.91 |
Wales | 0.91 |
Northern Ireland | 0.78 |
Business park infrastructure: benchmark costs | |||||
Lower range | Higher range | Lowest cost | Average cost | Highest cost | |
£/ha | £/ha | £/ha | £/ha | £/ha | |
Earthmoving | 30,000 | 330,000 | 30,000 | 170,000 | 330,000 |
Roads and parking | 220,000 | 1,490,000 | 220,000 | 550,000 | 1,490,000 |
Drainage | 30,000 | 30,000 | 25,000 | 30,000 | 35,000 |
Services | 280,000 | 640,000 | 200,000 | 380,000 | 640,000 |
Landscaping | 625,000 | 360,000 | 100,000 | 520,000 | 800,000 |
Total cost per ha | £1,185,000 | £2,850,000 | n/a | n/a | |
Costs are at fourth quarter 2003 price levels based upon an South-east location. Preliminaries and contingencies are included, allowances for professional fees and VAT are excluded. | |||||
The costs are based on a survey of a number of business park projects and represent a typical range rather absolute maximum and minimum costs. The costs exclude infrastructure work to development plots. Costs of demolition and land remediation are also excluded. Car parking, and ancillary buildings and costs of works beyond the immediate site boundary, including services connections, section 106 and 278 works are included. |
Business park infrastructure: benchmark costs | |||||
Lower range | Higher range | Lowest cost | Average cost | Highest cost | |
£/ha | £/ha | £/ha | £/ha | £/ha | |
Earthmoving | 30,000 | 330,000 | 30,000 | 170,000 | 330,000 |
Roads and parking | 220,000 | 1,490,000 | 220,000 | 550,000 | 1,490,000 |
Drainage | 30,000 | 30,000 | 25,000 | 30,000 | 35,000 |
Services | 280,000 | 640,000 | 200,000 | 380,000 | 640,000 |
Landscaping | 625,000 | 360,000 | 100,000 | 520,000 | 800,000 |
Total cost per ha | £1,185,000 | £2,850,000 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Costs are at fourth quarter 2003 price levels based upon an South-east location. Preliminaries and contingencies are included, allowances for professional fees and VAT are excluded. | |||||
The costs are based on a survey of a number of business park projects and represent a typical range rather absolute maximum and minimum costs. The costs exclude infrastructure work to development plots. Costs of demolition and land remediation are also excluded. Car parking, and ancillary buildings and costs of works beyond the immediate site boundary, including services connections, section 106 and 278 works are included. |