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Stone cladding typeCapital costNet present value for 60 yearsDesign life
£/m2£/m2years
Natural stone   
50 mm thick limestone in flush-pointed cement lime mortar35043160
75 mm thick Portland limestone in flush-pointed cement lime mortar 42551660
Granite with sealant joints 50061960
Precast concrete units    
Exposed aggregate precast concrete units with sealant joints22529560
Reconstructed stone precast concrete units in flush pointed cement lime mortar42551660
Limestone-faced precast concrete units in flush pointed cement lime mortar60071360
Granite-faced precast concrete units with sealant joints67580260
Table notes
Costs include inspection, cleaning, repointing or resealing, and minor repairs
Stone and concrete units are fixed with stainless steel fixings
Cost and work frequencies are generic, based on a 500 m2 plain office facade
Insulation and lining, scaffolding and overheads are excluded
Capital costs vary significantly reflecting the variable nature of stone: best value should be determined from a whole-life assessment of cladding options which satisfy project specific criteria
A discount rate of 3.5% is used to calculate net present values